1. According to site
Gingiva
Redness
• Plaque-induced gingivitis
• Trauma
• Odontogenic infections
• Desquamative gingivitis
– lichen planus
– pemphigoid
– pemphigus
• Granulomatous disorders
– Crohn’s disease and other related conditions
– orofacial granulomatosis
– sarcoidosis
• Medication
– plasma cell gingivitis
• Erythroplakia
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
Bleeding
• Periodontal disease
• Haemorrhagic disease
• Leukaemia
• Medication
Swelling
• Gingival fibromatosis
• Leukaemia
• Medication
– phenytoin
– ciclosporin
– calcium channel blockers
• Vitamin C deficiency
• Epulides
– pregnancy epulis
– fibrous epulis
– giant cell epulis (could be due to hyperparathyroidism)
• Tumours
• Granulomatous disorders
– Crohn’s disease and related disorders
– sarcoidosis
– orofacial granulomatosis
Ulceration
• Necrotising gingivitis
Lips
Angular Stomatitis
• Local infections
– candidosis
– staphylococcal, streptococcal or mixed staphylococcal-streptococcal infections
• Haematinic deficiencies
– vitamin B group
– iron
– folate
• Immunodeficiency
– Crohn’s disease
– HIV related infections
– diabetes
Bleeding
• Trauma
• Cracked lips
• Erythema multiforme
• Angiomas and telangiectasias
Blistering or Vesicles
• Herpes labialis
• Burns
• Mucoceles
• Impetigo
• Allergic cheilitis
Peeling and Crusting
• Dehydration
• Exposure to the wind
• Fever
• Cheilitis
• Erythema multiforme
• Psychogenic causes
• Medication
Swelling
• Oedema
– trauma
– infection (also odontogenic)
– insect bite
• Angioedema
• Granulomatous disorders
– Crohn’s disease and orofacial granulomatosis
– sarcoidosis
• Mucoceles
• Tumours
• Abscesses
Ulceration
• Contagious
– herpes labialis
– syphilis
– leishmaniasis
– deep mycoses
• Tumours
– squamous cell carcinoma
– basal cell carcinoma
– keratoacanthoma
• Burns
• Trauma
Palate
Swelling
• Dental causes
– unerupted teeth
– odontogenic cysts
– abscesses
• Torus palatinus
• Tumours
– fibrous lumps
– papillomas
– squamous cell carcinoma
– antral carcinoma
– salivary tumours
– Kaposi’s sarcoma
– lymphomas
– other tumours
• Fibro-osseous lesions
– fibrous dysplasia
– Paget’s disease
Redness
• Candidosis
• Mucositis
• Erythroplasia
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Pemphigus
Blistering
• Burns
• Pemphigoid
• Localised oral purpura (angina bullosa haemorragica)
• Mucocele
• Pemphigus
Ulceration
• Tumours
– squamous cell carcinoma
– salivary tumours
• Necrotising sialometaplasia
Tongue
Swelling
• Congenital
– lingual thyroid
– haemangioma
– lymphangioma
– median rhomboid glossitis
– foliate papillitis
• Abscesses
• Oedema
– inflammatory
– angioedema
• Haematoma
• Foreign body
• Cysts
• Tumours
– fibrous lumps
– papilloma
– squamous cell carcinoma
– granular cell tumour (myoblastoma)
– Kaposi’s sarcoma
Macroglossia
• Relative macroglossia :
– Congenital
1. Down’s syndrome
2. Cretinism
3. Beckwith’s syndrome
– Acquired
– Ludwig’s Angina
1. Angioedema
• True Macroglossia :
– Congenital
1. Vascular:
lymphangioma
haemangioma
2. Cysts:
dermoid cyst
– Acquired
1. Trauma
2. Infection
3.Angioedema
4. Amyloidosis
5. Acromegaly
6. Tumours
Ulceration
• Infectious causes
– Syphilis
– Tuberculosis
– Mycoses
– Herpesvirus infections
• Tumours
– Squamous cell carcinoma
• Trauma
• Aphthous stomatitis
• Drugs
Floor of Mouth
Swelling
• Fibrous hyperplasia
• Odontogenic causes
– abscesses
• Tumours
– Soft tissue tumours
– Squamous cell carcinoma
– Salivary tumours
• Cysts
– Mucoceles
– Retention cysts
Redness
• Candidosis
• Mucositis
• Erythroplakia
Ulceration
• Tumours
– Squamous cell carcinoma
– Salivary tumours
• Chemical burns
• Aphthous stomatitis
• Drugs
2.According to Sing and Symptoms
Halitosis
1. Oral disease
– sepsis, poor oral hygiene
– tumours
– xerostomia
2. Volatile foodstuffs
3. Drugs
4. Tobacco
5. Respiratory tract disease
– infections
– foreign bodies
– tumours
6. Metabolic disease
– liver failure
– renal failure
– diabetic ketoacidosis
– trimethylaminuria
7. Psychogenic
Facial Swelling
1. Inflammation and infection
2.Trauma
3. Post-operative emphysema
4. Insect bites
5. Angioedema
6. Endocrine/metabolic causes (corticosteroids)
7. Cysts
8. Neoplasms
9. Haemangioma-lymphangioma
10. Foreign bodies
11. Granulomatous disorders
– Crohn’s disease
– sarcoidosis
– Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome and granulomatous cheilitis
– orofacial granulomatosis
Swelling of the Salivary Glands
1. Inflammatory
– mumps
– HIV infection
– HCV infection
– Sjögren’s syndrome
– sarcoidosis
2. Obstruction
– calculi
– neoplasms
3. Tumours
4. Sialoadenitis
5. Sialosis
6. Drugs
Dry Mouth
(Xerostomia)
1. Drugs
2. Dehydration
3. Psychogenic causes
4. Salivary gland disease
5. Irradiation
Burning Mouth Syndrome
1. Deficiency of
– vitamin B12
– folic acid
– iron
– vitamin B complex
– other group B vitamins
2. Infections (candidosis)
3. Erythema migrans (geographic tongue)
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Xerostomia
6. Psychogenic (somatoform disorder)
7. Drugs (e.g. ACE inhibitors)
Pain
1. Localised causes
– odontogenic
– sinusitis
2. Vascular causes
– migraine
– giant cell arteritis
3. Neurogenic
– trigeminal neuralgia
– malignant tumours of the trigeminal nerve
4. Herpes zoster (including post-herpetic neuralgia)
5. Psychogenic pain
– atypical facial pain
6. Referred pain
– angina
– nasopharyngeal, ocular and aural disease
– chest disease (rare)
Facial Palsy
1. Neurological
– upper motor neurone lesion: cerebrovascular accident
– lower motor neurone lesion: e.g. Bell’spalsy, Lyme disease, HIV, other viral neuropathies
2. Middle ear disease
3. Parotid lesion
4. Trauma to facial nerve branch
Pigmentation
1. Racial
2. Food/drugs
– chlorhexidine
– minocycline
– zidovudine
3. Endocrinological
– pregnancy
– Addison’s disease
4. Others
– amalgam tattoo
– lentigines
– melanoma
– naevi
– Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome
– Kaposi’s sarcoma
Purpura
1. Trauma
2. Platelet disorders
3.Autoimmune disorder
4. Bone marrow disease
– leukaemia
– aplastic anaemia
5. Infectious diseases
– infectious mononucleosis
– rubella
– HIV/AIDS
6. Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
7. Amyloidosis
Premature Loss of Teeth
1. Immunodeficiency
– HIV/AIDS
– cyclic neutropenia
– Papillon-Lefevre syndrome
2. Hypophosphatasia
3. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Sialorrhoea
1. Psychogenic
2. Painful oral lesions or foreign bodies
3.Drugs
4. Cholinergic drugs
5. Poor neuromuscular coordination
– Parkinson’s disease
– facial palsy
– other weakening diseases
Trismus
1. Extra-articular causes
– infection and inflammation near masticatory muscles
– temporomandibular joint-dysfunction syndrome (facial arthromyalgia)
– factured condylar neck
– fibrosis (scars, irradiation, submucous fibrosis)
– tetanus toxoid
2. Intra-articular causes
– dislocation
– intracapsular fracture
– arthritis
– ankylosis
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